A biofilm is a collection of organic and inorganic, living and dead material collected on a surface. It may be a complete film or, more commonly in water systems, small patches on pipe surfaces.

In the past two decades, a number of changes have occurred that may affect the quality of drinking water in distribution systems, consumer exposure to tap water, and the consequent risks of exposure.

Drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) are vital public utilities, yet they are increasingly challenged by internal corrosion processes that compromise water quality. Corrosion of iron pipes ...